Fault domains in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure are used to distribute instances across different physical hardware within an availability domain. This helps in ensuring high availability and fault tolerance by reducing the impact of hardware failures on instances.

Standard Storage is the tier in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Object Storage that is suitable for data that needs to be accessed quickly and frequently, with a high level of data accessibility and performance. It provides high-performance storage with low latency for data that requires frequent access.

The main purpose of connecting availability domains with a low-latency, high-bandwidth network is to enable high-availability connectivity and facilitate the building of replicated systems. This network infrastructure allows for seamless communication between domains, supporting the creation of redundant and resilient systems for increased reliability.

Archive Storage in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Object Storage Service is designed for rarely accessed data that can be restored within hours. It is the most cost-effective storage tier for long-term data retention and archiving purposes.

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows compute instances in a private subnet to access the Internet while keeping their private IP addresses hidden. It provides outbound Internet access for instances in a private subnet by translating their private IP addresses to a public IP address.