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Layer 2 interfaces operate in which two modes? (Choose two.)
Comprehensive Detailed Step by Step Explanation with all Juniper Data Center References
Layer 2 interfaces on a switch operate in two key modes: Access and Trunk.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Access Mode:
Access ports are used to connect end devices, like PCs or servers, and they are assigned to a single VLAN. These interfaces handle untagged traffic and do not pass VLAN tags.
Example: A port assigned to VLAN 10 will only handle traffic for that VLAN.
Trunk Mode:
Trunk ports are used to connect switches or other networking devices that need to handle traffic from multiple VLANs. Trunk interfaces carry tagged traffic, allowing multiple VLANs to traverse the same physical link.
Trunk ports typically use 802.1Q VLAN tagging to differentiate between VLANs.
Juniper Reference:
Access and Trunk Ports: Juniper switches use these modes to manage VLAN traffic at Layer 2, with access ports handling untagged traffic and trunk ports handling tagged traffic from multiple VLANs.
Which two statements are correct about aggregate routes and generated routes? (Choose two.)
Aggregate routes and generated routes are used to create summarized routes in Junos, but they behave differently in terms of forwarding.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Aggregate Routes:
An aggregate route summarizes a set of more specific routes, but it does not have a direct forwarding next hop. Instead, it points to the more specific routes for actual packet forwarding.
Generated Routes:
A generated route also summarizes specific routes, but it has a forwarding next hop that is determined based on the availability of contributing routes. The generated route can be used to directly forward traffic.
Juniper Reference:
Aggregate and Generated Routes: In Junos, aggregate routes rely on more specific routes for forwarding, while generated routes can forward traffic directly based on their next-hop information.
When a MAC limiting violation occurs, the switch performs which two actions by default? (Choose two.)
When a MAC limiting violation occurs on a Juniper switch, the switch will perform the following actions by default:
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Port Disabled:
When the number of MAC addresses on an interface exceeds the configured limit, the port is automatically disabled to prevent further violations. This is a protective mechanism to prevent MAC address flooding.
Packet Dropped:
Additionally, packets from the violating MAC address are dropped to prevent any further communication from that address. This ensures that only valid MAC addresses are allowed to communicate through the interface.
Example Configuration:
set ethernet-switching-options secure-access-port interface <interface-name> mac-limit 5
If more than five MAC addresses are learned, the port is disabled, and excess packets are dropped.
Juniper Reference:
MAC Limiting: When the switch detects a MAC limiting violation, it disables the port and drops further packets from the violating MAC addresses to maintain network security.
Referring to the exhibit, why are the BGP routes hidden?
In the exhibit, the BGP routes are marked as hidden. This typically happens when the routes are not considered valid for use, but they remain in the routing table for reference. One common reason for BGP routes being hidden is that the next hop for these routes is unreachable.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
BGP Next Hop:
In BGP, when a route is received from a neighbor, the next hop is the IP address that must be reachable for the route to be used. If the next hop is unreachable (i.e., the router cannot find a path to the next-hop IP), the route is marked as hidden.
Analyzing the Exhibit:
The exhibit shows that the BGP next hop for all hidden routes is 10.4.4.4. If this IP is unreachable, the BGP routes from that neighbor will not be considered valid, even though they appear in the routing table.
Verification:
Use the command show route 10.4.4.4 to check if the next-hop IP is reachable.
If the next-hop is not reachable, the BGP routes will be hidden. Resolving the next-hop reachability issue (e.g., fixing an IGP route or an interface) will allow the BGP routes to become active.
Juniper Reference:
Junos Command: show route hidden displays routes that are not considered for forwarding.
Troubleshooting: Check the next hop reachability for hidden BGP routes using show route <next-hop>.
Which statement is correct about per-flow load balancing?
Per-flow load balancing ensures that packets within the same flow are always forwarded over the same path, ensuring that packet order is preserved.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Flow Definition:
A flow is typically defined by a combination of packet attributes like source/destination IP, source/destination port, and protocol type. Packets that belong to the same flow are routed over the same path to avoid reordering.
Per-Flow Behavior:
In per-flow load balancing, the hashing algorithm ensures that all packets in a particular flow use the same egress port, maintaining order across the network.
Juniper Reference:
Load Balancing in Juniper: This method ensures that flows are balanced across multiple paths while preventing packet reordering within a single flow.
