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Which ONE of the following hardware is MOST suitable for implementing Al when using ML?
SELECT ONE OPTION
A . 64-bit CPUs.
While 64-bit CPUs are essential for handling large amounts of memory and performing complex computations, they are not specifically optimized for the types of operations commonly used in machine learning.
B . Hardware supporting fast matrix multiplication.
Matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation in many machine learning algorithms, especially in neural networks and deep learning. Hardware optimized for fast matrix multiplication, such as GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), is most suitable for implementing AI and ML because it can handle the parallel processing required for these operations efficiently.
C . High powered CPUs.
High powered CPUs are beneficial for general-purpose computing tasks and some aspects of ML, but they are not as efficient as specialized hardware like GPUs for matrix multiplication and other ML-specific tasks.
D . Hardware supporting high precision floating point operations.
High precision floating point operations are important for scientific computing and some specific AI tasks, but for many ML applications, fast matrix multiplication is more critical than high precision alone.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because hardware supporting fast matrix multiplication, such as GPUs, is most suitable for the parallel processing requirements of machine learning.
In a certain coffee producing region of Colombia, there have been some severe weather storms, resulting in massive losses in production. This caused a massive drop in stock price of coffee.
Which ONE of the following types of testing SHOULD be performed for a machine learning model for stock-price prediction to detect influence of such phenomenon as above on price of coffee stock.
SELECT ONE OPTION
Type of Testing for Stock-Price Prediction Models: Concept drift refers to the change in the statistical properties of the target variable over time. Severe weather storms causing massive losses in coffee production and affecting stock prices would require testing for concept drift to ensure that the model adapts to new patterns in data over time.
Reference: ISTQB_CT-AI_Syllabus_v1.0, Section 7.6 Testing for Concept Drift, which explains the need to test for concept drift in models that might be affected by changing external factors.
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Inputs for Activation Value:
Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer: These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
Weights Assigned to the Connections: Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
Individual Bias at the Neuron Level: Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
Calculation:
The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
Formula: z=(wiai)+bz = \sum (w_i \cdot a_i) + bz=(wiai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
Why Option A is Correct:
Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
Eliminating Other Options:
B . Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
C . Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
D . Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer: This option misses the weights, which are essential.
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
'Neural Network Activation Functions' (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).
A ML engineer is trying to determine the correctness of the new open-source implementation *X", of a supervised regression algorithm implementation. R-Square is one of the functional performance metrics used to determine the quality of the model.
Which ONE of the following would be an APPROPRIATE strategy to achieve this goal?
SELECT ONE OPTION
A . Add 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the models.
Adding more data to the training set can affect the R-Square score, but it does not directly verify the correctness of the implementation.
B . Train various models by changing the order of input features and verify that the R-Square score of these models vary significantly.
Changing the order of input features should not significantly affect the R-Square score if the implementation is correct, but this approach is more about testing model robustness rather than correctness of the implementation.
C . Compare the R-Square score of the model obtained using two different implementations that utilize two different programming languages while using the same algorithm and the same training and testing data.
This approach directly compares the performance of two implementations of the same algorithm. If both implementations produce similar R-Square scores on the same training and testing data, it suggests that the new implementation 'X' is correct.
D . Drop 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the models.
Dropping data can lead to variations in the R-Square score but does not directly verify the correctness of the implementation.
Therefore, option C is the most appropriate strategy because it directly compares the performance of the new implementation 'X' with another implementation using the same algorithm and datasets, which helps in verifying the correctness of the implementation.
''BioSearch'' is creating an Al model used for predicting cancer occurrence via examining X-Ray images. The accuracy of the model in isolation has been found to be good. However, the users of the model started complaining of the poor quality of results, especially inability to detect real cancer cases, when put to practice in the diagnosis lab, leading to stopping of the usage of the model.
A testing expert was called in to find the deficiencies in the test planning which led to the above scenario.
Which ONE of the following options would you expect to MOST likely be the reason to be discovered by the test expert?
SELECT ONE OPTION
The question asks which deficiency is most likely to be discovered by the test expert given the scenario of poor real-world performance despite good isolated accuracy.
A lack of similarity between the training and testing data (A): This is a common issue in ML where the model performs well on training data but poorly on real-world data due to a lack of representativeness in the training data. This leads to poor generalization to new, unseen data.
The input data has not been tested for quality prior to use for testing (B): While data quality is important, this option is less likely to be the primary reason for the described issue compared to the representativeness of training data.
A lack of focus on choosing the right functional-performance metrics (C): Proper metrics are crucial, but the issue described seems more related to the data mismatch rather than metric selection.
A lack of focus on non-functional requirements testing (D): Non-functional requirements are important, but the scenario specifically mentions issues with detecting real cancer cases, pointing more towards data issues.
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 4.2 on Training, Validation, and Test Datasets emphasizes the importance of using representative datasets to ensure the model generalizes well to real-world data.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #40 addresses issues related to data representativeness and model generalization.
