Which ONE of the following tests is LEAST likely to be performed during the ML model testing phase?
SELECT ONE OPTION
The question asks which test is least likely to be performed during the ML model testing phase. Let's consider each option:
Testing the accuracy of the classification model (A): Accuracy testing is a fundamental part of the ML model testing phase. It ensures that the model correctly classifies the data as intended and meets the required performance metrics.
Testing the API of the service powered by the ML model (B): Testing the API is crucial, especially if the ML model is deployed as part of a service. This ensures that the service integrates well with other systems and that the API performs as expected.
Testing the speed of the training of the model (C): This is least likely to be part of the ML model testing phase. The speed of training is more relevant during the development phase when optimizing and tuning the model. During testing, the focus is more on the model's performance and behavior rather than how quickly it was trained.
Testing the speed of the prediction by the model (D): Testing the speed of prediction is important to ensure that the model meets performance requirements in a production environment, especially for real-time applications.
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on ML Workflow and Section 5 on ML Functional Performance Metrics discuss the focus of testing during the model testing phase, which includes accuracy and prediction speed but not the training speed.
Pairwise testing can be used in the context of self-driving cars for controlling an explosion in the number of combinations of parameters.
Which ONE of the following options is LEAST likely to be a reason for this incredible growth of parameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Pairwise testing is used to handle the large number of combinations of parameters that can arise in complex systems like self-driving cars. The question asks which of the given options is least likely to be a reason for the explosion in the number of parameters.
Different Road Types (A): Self-driving cars must operate on various road types, such as highways, city streets, rural roads, etc. Each road type can have different characteristics, requiring the car's system to adapt and handle different scenarios. Thus, this is a significant factor contributing to the growth of parameters.
Different Weather Conditions (B): Weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and bright sunlight significantly affect the performance of self-driving cars. The car's sensors and algorithms must adapt to these varying conditions, which adds to the number of parameters that need to be considered.
ML Model Metrics to Evaluate Functional Performance (C): While evaluating machine learning (ML) model performance is crucial, it does not directly contribute to the explosion of parameter combinations in the same way that road types, weather conditions, and car features do. Metrics are used to measure and assess performance but are not themselves variable conditions that the system must handle.
Different Features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance, etc. (D): Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other features add complexity to self-driving cars. Each feature can have multiple settings and operational modes, contributing to the overall number of parameters.
Hence, the least likely reason for the incredible growth in the number of parameters is C. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance.
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing discusses the application of this technique to manage the combinations of different variables in AI-based systems, including those used in self-driving cars.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #29 provides context for the explosion in parameter combinations in self-driving cars and highlights the use of pairwise testing as a method to manage this complexity.
Max. Score: 2
Al-enabled medical devices are used nowadays for automating certain parts of the medical diagnostic processes. Since these are life-critical process the relevant authorities are considenng bringing about suitable certifications for these Al enabled medical devices. This certification may involve several facets of Al testing (I - V).
I . Autonomy
II . Maintainability
III . Safety
IV . Transparency
V . Side Effects
Which ONE of the following options contains the three MOST required aspects to be satisfied for the above scenario of certification of Al enabled medical devices?
SELECT ONE OPTION
For AI-enabled medical devices, the most required aspects for certification are safety, transparency, and side effects. Here's why:
Safety (Aspect III): Critical for ensuring that the AI system does not cause harm to patients.
Transparency (Aspect IV): Important for understanding and verifying the decisions made by the AI system.
Side Effects (Aspect V): Necessary to identify and mitigate any unintended consequences of the AI system.
Why Not Other Options:
Autonomy and Maintainability (Aspects I and II): While important, they are secondary to the immediate concerns of safety, transparency, and managing side effects in life-critical processes.
Which ONE of the following combinations of Training, Validation, Testing data is used during the process of learning/creating the model?
SELECT ONE OPTION
The process of developing a machine learning model typically involves the use of three types of datasets:
Training Data: This is used to train the model, i.e., to learn the patterns and relationships in the data.
Validation Data: This is used to tune the model's hyperparameters and to prevent overfitting during the training process.
Test Data: This is used to evaluate the final model's performance and to estimate how it will perform on unseen data.
Let's analyze each option:
A . Training data - validation data - test data
This option correctly includes all three types of datasets used in the process of creating and validating a model. The training data is used for learning, validation data for tuning, and test data for final evaluation.
B . Training data - validation data
This option misses the test data, which is crucial for evaluating the model's performance on unseen data after the training and validation phases.
C . Training data - test data
This option misses the validation data, which is important for tuning the model and preventing overfitting during training.
D . Validation data - test data
This option misses the training data, which is essential for the initial learning phase of the model.
Therefore, the correct answer is A because it includes all necessary datasets used during the process of learning and creating the model: training, validation, and test data.
ln the near future, technology will have evolved, and Al will be able to learn multiple tasks by itself without needing to be retrained, allowing it to operate even in new environments. The cognitive abilities of Al are similar to a child of 1-2 years.'
In the above quote, which ONE of the following options is the correct name of this type of Al?
SELECT ONE OPTION
A. Technological singularity
Technological singularity refers to a hypothetical point in the future when AI surpasses human intelligence and can continuously improve itself without human intervention. This scenario involves capabilities far beyond those described in the question.
B. Narrow AI
Narrow AI, also known as weak AI, is designed to perform a specific task or a narrow range of tasks. It does not have general cognitive abilities and cannot learn multiple tasks by itself without retraining.
C. Super AI
Super AI refers to an AI that surpasses human intelligence and capabilities across all fields. This is an advanced concept and not aligned with the description of having cognitive abilities similar to a young child.
D. General AI
General AI, or strong AI, has the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks, similar to human cognitive abilities. It aligns with the description of AI that can learn multiple tasks and operate in new environments without needing retraining.