5G can enable smart manufacturing by providing ultra-reliable and low-latency communication, enabling the deployment of various industrial internet of things (IIoT) applications, such as collaborative control between machines. This allows for real-time coordination and control between machines, enabling them to work together in a coordinated way to achieve a common goal, such as increasing production efficiency or reducing downtime. This can help to improve the overall performance of the manufacturing process and upgrade the manufacturing business model.

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Multiplexing Techniques for Applications Based-on 5G Systems ...

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In a gNodeB, the time information is synchronized from the OSS using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). The ADD NTPC command is used to configure the IP address of the NTP server, which is the time server that the gNodeB synchronizes with. This command is used to specify the IP address of the NTP server, the NTP version, and other parameters related to time synchronization.

MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) is a network technology that enables the deployment of computing and storage resources at the edge of the network, closer to the end-users. This can significantly reduce the latency for various applications, such as IoT, AR/VR and IoV. By moving the computing and storage resources closer to the end-users, the data can be processed and stored closer to the source, reducing the time and distance that the data needs to travel. This can reduce the overall latency and improve the user experience.

According to the official GSMA white paper on 5G and IoV, MEC can reduce latency by bringing computing resources closer to the edges of the network. This can be particularly beneficial for IoV applications, which require low latency and high reliability. Additionally, NFV (Network Function Virtualization), Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and SDN (Software Defined Networking) can also be used to improve performance and reduce latency in 5G networks. Reference: https://www.gsma.com/iot/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GSMA_5G_IoV_White_Paper_Final.pdf

Interconnection through RF modules (A) is also a supported solution for X2 interconnection between LTE and NR base stations. In this solution, the LTE and NR base stations are connected through RF modules, allowing them to share the same frequency band and resources. This solution is particularly useful for scenarios where there is a need for seamless interworking between LTE and NR networks, such as in the early stages of 5G deployment.

In Non-standalone (NSA) networking, X2 self-setup between a gNodeB and an eNodeB requires that the gNodeB and eNodeB be managed by the same OSS. Because gNodeB and eNodeB are managed by the same OSS, the OSS can configure the X2 self-setup parameters, such as the X2 self-setup switch, the X2 interface IP address, and the X2 self-setup trigger conditions. Only when the gNodeB and eNodeB are managed by the same OSS and configured with the same X2 self-setup parameters, the gNodeB and eNodeB can establish an X2 self-setup connection.