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On the network shown in the figure, the router receives a data packet with the destination IP address 11.0.12.1 from Host A.
After the packet is forwarded by the router, which of the following are the destination MAC address and destination IP address of the data packet?
Comprehensive Explanation= When Router A forwards the packet to Router B, the destination IP address (11.0.12.1) remains unchanged as it is still meant for Host B. However, the destination MAC address changes to MAC-B, which belongs to Host B, since MAC addresses are only used for local network hops
On an STP-enabled switch, a port in the Learning state can transition to the Forwarding state only after the Forward Delay timer expires.
In STP, a port moves from Learning to Forwarding state after the Forward Delay timer has expired. This delay ensures stability by allowing time for the topology to converge before the port begins forwarding user traffic, thereby preventing loops in the network during the transition.
UDP does not guarantee data transmission reliability and does not provide packet sorting and traffic control functions. It is suitable for the traffic that has low requirements for data transmission reliability, but high requirements for the transmission speed and delay.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not provide reliability, packet sequencing, or traffic control. These features are usually managed by TCP, which is used for applications requiring reliable data transmission. UDP's design makes it suitable for real-time applications, such as video streaming or VoIP, where speed and low latency are prioritized over reliability. (Reference: HCIA-Datacom Training Material, UDP Characteristics)
Which of the following MAC addresses cannot be used as the MAC address of host network adapters?
MAC addresses that start with the first octet having the least significant bit (LSB) of the first byte set to 1 (such as 01-02-03-04-05-06) are multicast MAC addresses, and these cannot be assigned to a host's network interface card (NIC). Only unicast MAC addresses can be assigned to hosts.
In the following figure, after the OSPF routers converge, in which state is the OSPF neighbor relationship between Router B and Router C?
