Which statement about IKE and IKE NAT-T is true?
IKE (Internet Key Exchange): IKE is a protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. It is utilized to negotiate, create, and manage SAs.
NAT-T (Network Address Translation-Traversal): NAT-T is used to enable IPsec VPN traffic to pass through NAT devices. It encapsulates IPsec ESP packets into UDP packets.
Transport Protocol: Both IKE and IKE NAT-T use UDP as their transport protocol.
Port Numbers: By default, IKE uses UDP port 500. NAT-T typically uses UDP port 4500. However, these port numbers can be configured as needed.
Fortinet Network Security Support Engineer Study Guide for FortiOS 7.2 (Fortinet Docs) (ebin.pub).
Fortinet Documentation on IPsec VPN Configuration (Fortinet Docs).
Refer to the exhibit, which contains the partial output of a diagnose command.
Based on the output, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.)
Remote Gateway IP:
The output shows 10.200.5.1 as the remote gateway IP, confirming that this is the IP address of the remote gateway involved in the IPsec VPN tunnel.
Quick Mode Selectors:
The quick mode selectors specify the subnets involved in the VPN. The output shows src: 0:10.1.2.0/255.255.255.0:0 and dst: 0:10.1.1.0/255.255.255.0:0, indicating the subnets being tunneled.
DPD (Dead Peer Detection):
DPD is shown as mode=on-demand on=1 idle=20000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=0, indicating that DPD is enabled in on-demand mode.
Anti-replay:
The output includes replaywin=2048 and replaywin_lastseq=00000000, which are indicators that anti-replay protection is enabled for the IPsec tunnel.
Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation
VPN Configuration and Diagnostic Guides
Which three common FortiGate-to-collector-agent connectivity issues can you identify using the FSSO real-time debug? (Choose three.)
Refused Connection: A refused connection typically indicates a mismatch in the TCP port configuration between the FortiGate and the collector agent. Ensuring both are configured to use the same TCP port is crucial for proper connectivity.
Mismatched Pre-Shared Password: If the pre-shared password configured on the FortiGate does not match the one set on the collector agent, authentication will fail, leading to connectivity issues.
Inability to Reach IP Address: This can occur due to network issues such as incorrect routing, firewall rules blocking traffic, or the collector agent being down. Verifying network connectivity and the status of the collector agent is necessary to resolve this issue.
Refer to the exhibit.
If the default settings are in place, what can you conclude about the conserve mode shown in the exhibit?
Conserve Mode Overview: Conserve mode is a state that FortiGate enters to protect itself from running out of memory. It is triggered when the memory usage reaches certain thresholds.
Thresholds: The default settings for conserve mode thresholds are:
Red Threshold: 88% memory usage.
Extreme Threshold: 95% memory usage.
Green Threshold: 82% memory usage.
Impact on Sessions: When in conserve mode:
New sessions requiring flow-based content inspection are blocked.
New sessions requiring proxy-based content inspection are also blocked to free up memory resources.
Current Memory State in Exhibit: The exhibit shows:
Total RAM: 3040 MB.
Memory used: 2706 MB (89% of total RAM).
Memory usage exceeds the red threshold (88%), thus triggering conserve mode.
Given that the memory usage is above the red threshold and conserve mode is active, the FortiGate will block new sessions requiring both flow-based and proxy-based content inspection to conserve memory.
Fortinet Documentation: Conserve Mode Settings and Management (Fortinet Docs).
Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the output of diagnose sys session list.
If the HA ID for the primary device is 0. what happens if the primary fails and the secondary becomes the primary?
Session Synchronization:
FortiGate HA (High Availability) ensures that active sessions are synchronized between the primary and secondary devices. This synchronization allows for seamless failover and continuity of sessions.
Handling NAT Sessions:
The session in the exhibit has NAT applied, as indicated by the hook=post dir=org act=snat entry. FortiGate's HA setup is designed to handle such sessions, ensuring that traffic continues without interruption during failover.
Session Preservation:
Even with the presence of NAT, the session state is preserved across the HA devices. This means that ongoing sessions do not require re-establishment by the client, thus providing a seamless experience.
Fortinet Documentation: HA session synchronization and failover
Fortinet Community: Understanding session synchronization in FortiGate HA
