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Which of the following is required to determine the correct Security Association?
To determine the correct Security Association (SA) in the context of IPsec, several elements are required:
SPI (Security Parameter Index): Uniquely identifies the SA.
Partner IP address: The address of the endpoint with which the SA is established.
Protocol: Specifies the type of security protocol used (e.g., AH or ESP). All these components collectively define and identify a specific SA for secure communication between parties. Reference:
RFC 4301, 'Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol'.
Which mode within IPsec provides secure connection between two endpoints but does NOT protect the sender and the receiver?
IPsec offers two modes of operation: Transport mode and Tunnel mode.
Transport mode in IPsec provides security for the payload (the message part) of each packet along the communication path between two endpoints.
In this mode, the IP header of the original packet is not encrypted; it secures only the payload, not protecting the headers. This means while the data is protected, information about the sender and receiver as contained in the IP header is not obscured.
Reference
'Security Architecture for IP,' RFC 4301.
IPsec documentation, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
How many firewalls are there in the most common ICS/SCADA architecture?
The most common ICS/SCADA architecture typically includes two firewalls. This dual firewall configuration often involves one firewall placed between the enterprise network and the ICS/SCADA network, and another between the ICS/SCADA network and the plant floor devices. This arrangement, known as a 'demilitarized zone' (DMZ) between the two firewalls, adds an additional layer of security to help isolate and protect sensitive operational technology (OT) environments from threats originating from IT networks. Reference:
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 'Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security'.
What is the maximum size in bytes of an ethernet packet?
The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for Ethernet, which is the largest size of an Ethernet packet or frame that can be sent over the network, is typically 1500 bytes. This size does not include the Ethernet frame's preamble and start frame delimiter but does include all other headers and the payload. Ethernet's MTU of 1500 bytes is a standard for most Ethernet networks, especially those conforming to the IEEE 802.3 standard. Reference:
IEEE 802.3-2012, 'Standard for Ethernet'.
Which of the following is the stance on risk that by default allows traffic with a default permit approach?
In network security, the stance on managing and assessing risk can vary widely depending on the security policies of an organization.
A 'Permissive' stance, often referred to as a default permit approach, allows all traffic unless it has been specifically blocked. This approach can be easier to manage from a usability standpoint but is less secure as it potentially allows unwanted or malicious traffic unless explicitly filtered.
This is in contrast to a more restrictive policy, which denies all traffic unless it has been explicitly permitted, typically seen in more secure environments.
Reference
'Network Security Basics,' by Cisco Systems.
'Understanding Firewall Policies,' by Fortinet.
