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Which component of IPsec performs protocol-level functions that are required to encrypt and decrypt the packets?
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Key_Exchange
Internet Key Exchange (IKE, sometimes IKEv1 or IKEv2, depending on version) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol and ISAKMP. IKE uses X.509 certificates for authentication either pre-shared or distributed using DNS (preferably with DNSSEC) and a Diffie--Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret from which cryptographic keys are derived.
Incorrect answers:
Oakley -the Oakley Key Determination Protocol is a key-agreement protocol that allows authenticated parties to exchange keying material across an insecure connection using the Diffie--Hellman key exchange algorithm. The protocol was proposed by Hilarie K. Orman in 1998, and formed the basis for the more widely used Internet Key Exchange protocol.
IPsec Policy Agent -service provides end-to-end security between clients and servers on TCP/IP networks, manages IPsec policy settings, starts the Internet Key Exchange (IKE), and coordinates IPsec policy settings with the IP security driver.
IPsec driver -wrong!
Widely used, particularly with Microsoft operating systems. Created by MIT and derives its name from the mythical three headed dog. The is a great deal of verification for the tickets and the tickets expire quickly. Client authenticates to the Authentication Server once using a long term shared secret and receives back a Ticket-Granting Server. Client can reuse this ticket to get additional tickets without reusing the shared secret. These tickets are used to prove authentication to the Service Server.
Kerberos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)
Kerberos is a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. The protocol was named after the character Kerberos (or Cerberus) from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades. Its designers aimed it primarily at a client--server model and it provides mutual authentication---both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.
Kerberos builds on symmetric key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication. Kerberos uses UDP port 88 by default.
Incorrect answers:
ElGamal - ElGamal encryption system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the Diffie--Hellman key exchange. It was described by Taher Elgamal in 1985. ElGamal encryption is used in the free GNU Privacy Guard software, recent versions of PGP, and other cryptosystems. The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a variant of the ElGamal signature scheme, which should not be confused with ElGamal encryption.
Diffie-Hellman - Diffie--Hellman key exchange is a method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel and was one of the first public-key protocols as conceived by Ralph Merkle and named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman.[1][2] DH is one of the earliest practical examples of public key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography. Published in 1976 by Diffie and Hellman, this is the earliest publicly known work that proposed the idea of a private key and a corresponding public key.
Yarrow - algorithm is a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators (CPRNG) devised by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and Niels Ferguson and published in 1999. The Yarrow algorithm is explicitly unpatented, royalty-free, and open source; no license is required to use it. Yarrow is incorporated in iOS and macOS for their /dev/random devices, and was in FreeBSD (where it is superseded by Fortuna).
A cryptanalysis success where the attacker discovers additional plain texts (or cipher texts) not previously known.
Instance Deduction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis
The results of cryptanalysis can also vary in usefulness. For example, cryptographer Lars Knudsen (1998) classified various types of attack on block ciphers according to the amount and quality of secret information that was discovered:
Total break --- the attacker deduces the secret key.
Global deduction --- the attacker discovers a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption, but without learning the key.
Instance (local) deduction --- the attacker discovers additional plaintexts (or ciphertexts) not previously known.
Information deduction --- the attacker gains some Shannon information about plaintexts (or ciphertexts) not previously known.
Distinguishing algorithm --- the attacker can distinguish the cipher from a random permutation.
How did the ATBASH cipher work?
By substituting each letter for the letter from the opposite end of the alphabet (i.e. A becomes Z, B becomes Y, etc.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbash
The Atbash cipher is a particular type of monoalphabetic cipher formed by taking the alphabet (or abjad, syllabary, etc.) and mapping it to its reverse, so that the first letter becomes the last letter, the second letter becomes the second to last letter, and so on.
