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When performing protocol analysis, you notice a high number of RTS/CTS frames being transmitted on an HT network. You suspect this may be due to HT protection mechanisms. Where in the Beacon frame would you look to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in?
When performing protocol analysis, you would look at the HT Information Element in the Beacon frame to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in. The HT Information Element contains various subfields that provide information about the HT network configuration and operation. One of these subfields is the HT Protection field, which indicates whether any protection mechanisms are required for mixed-mode operation with non-HT STAs. The four possible values for this field are:
No Protection: No protection mechanisms are required.
Non-member Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions.
20 MHz Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions using a 40 MHz channel.
Non-HT Mixed Mode: All HT transmissions must use a non-HT preamble and header . Reference: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 378; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 379.
You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero. What do you conclude about the transmitting STA?
The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs by sending a Probe Request with an empty SSID element. This is also known as a broadcast Probe Request, as it does not specify any particular SSID to probe for. Any AP that receives this Probe Request will respond with a Probe Response containing its own SSID and other information about its BSS. This way, the STA can learn about all the BSSs in its vicinity and choose which one to associate with . Reference: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 191; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 193.
How does a VoIP Phone, using WMM Power Save, request data frames buffered at the AP?
A VoIP phone, using WMM Power Save, requests data frames buffered at the AP by transmitting a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame. WMM Power Save is a power saving mode that allows a STA (station) to conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. WMM Power Save is based on WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia), which is a QoS (Quality of Service) enhancement that provides prioritized and differentiated access to the medium for different types of traffic. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a trigger frame to the AP, indicating its AC (Access Category), which is a logical queue that corresponds to its QoS level. A trigger frame can be either a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame, depending on whether it has any payload or not. The AP then responds with one or more data frames from the same AC as the trigger frame, followed by an ACK or BA (Block Acknowledgement) frame from the STA. The other options are not correct, as they are not used by a VoIP phone using WMM Power Save to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is used by a STA using legacy power save mode, not WMM Power Save mode, to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll frame does not indicate any AC or QoS information. Setting the More Data bit in the MAC header to 1 does not request any data frames from the AP, but indicates that there are more data frames to be sent by the STA or received by the STA. Transmitting a WMM Action frame does not request any data frames from the AP, but performs various management actions related to WMM features, such as admission control, parameter update, etc.Reference:[Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 198-199
What is the function of the PHY Preamble?
The function of the PHY preamble is to allow the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to adjust its parameters, such as frequency, timing, and gain, to match the incoming signal. The PHY preamble also helps the receiver to estimate the channel conditions and noise level.Reference:[Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100
Which one of the following is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based Spectrum Analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter?
An 802.11 wireless adaptor is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based spectrum analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter. The spectrum analysis adapter is a hardware device that captures the RF signals in the wireless environment and sends them to the spectrum analyzer software for analysis and display. The 802.11 wireless adapter is a hardware device that connects the laptop to the wireless network and allows the spectrum analyzer software to correlate the RF data with the Wi-Fi data, such as SSID, channel, and BSSID. This enables the spectrum analyzer software to provide more context and insight into the spectrum activity and its impact on the Wi-Fi network. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter is not required for Wi-Fi integration, but it may be needed to fix bugs or add features to the device. A directional antenna is an antenna that focuses the RF energy in a specific direction and has a high gain and a narrow beamwidth. A directional antenna can be used with a spectrum analysis adapter to pinpoint the location or source of interference or noise in the wireless environment, but it is not required for Wi-Fi integration. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs are not required for Wi-Fi integration, but they may be useful for obtaining additional information about the wireless network configuration and performance from the network devices. Reference:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 123
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 4.2: Integrate Wi-Fi data with spectrum analysis data
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 131
