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A penetration tester wants to maintain access to a compromised system after a reboot. Which of the following techniques would be best for the tester to use?
To maintain persistence after a reboot, the tester needs a method that automatically restarts when the system reboots.
Option A (Reverse shell) : Reverse shells do not persist after a reboot unless paired with scheduled tasks or registry modifications.
Option B (Process injection) : Injecting into a process is temporary---once the system reboots, the injected process is gone.
Option C (Scheduled task) : Correct.
A scheduled task can execute malware, reverse shells, or scripts on system startup, ensuring persistence.
Example:
schtasks /create /sc onlogon /tn 'SystemUpdate' /tr 'C:\malicious.exe'
Option D (Credential dumping) : While useful for privilege escalation, it does not provide persistence.
Reference: CompTIA PenTest+ PT0-003 Official Guide -- Persistence Techniques
Which of the following OT protocols sends information in cleartext?
Operational Technology (OT) protocols are used in industrial control systems (ICS) to manage and automate physical processes. Here's an analysis of each protocol regarding whether it sends information in cleartext:
TTEthernet (Option A):
TTEthernet (Time-Triggered Ethernet) is designed for real-time communication and safety-critical systems.
Security: It includes mechanisms for reliable and deterministic data transfer, not typically sending information in cleartext.
DNP3 (Option B):
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) is used in electric and water utilities for SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems.
Security: While the original DNP3 protocol transmits data in cleartext, the DNP3 Secure Authentication extensions provide cryptographic security features.
Modbus (Answer: C):
Modbus is a communication protocol used in industrial environments for transmitting data between electronic devices.
Security: Modbus transmits data in cleartext, which makes it susceptible to interception and unauthorized access.
PROFINET (Option D):
PROFINET is a standard for industrial networking in automation.
Security: PROFINET includes several security features, including support for encryption, which means it doesn't necessarily send information in cleartext.
Conclusion: Modbus is the protocol that most commonly sends information in cleartext, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and interception.
While performing a penetration testing exercise, a tester executes the following command:
bash
Copy code
PS c:\tools> c:\hacks\PsExec.exe \\server01.comptia.org -accepteula cmd.exe
Which of the following best explains what the tester is trying to do?
Lateral Movement with PsExec:
PsExec is a tool used for executing processes on remote systems.
The command enables the tester to execute cmd.exe on the target host (server01) to achieve lateral movement and potentially escalate privileges.
Why Not Other Options?
A: The command is not testing connectivity; it is executing a remote command.
C: PsExec does not send its binary; it executes commands on remote systems.
D: The command is not enabling cmd.exe; it is using it as a tool for executing commands remotely.
CompTIA Pentest+ Reference:
Domain 3.0 (Attacks and Exploits)
During an assessment, a penetration tester obtains an NTLM hash from a legacy Windows machine. Which of the following tools should the penetration tester use to continue the attack?
When a penetration tester obtains an NTLM hash from a legacy Windows machine, they need to use a tool that can leverage this hash for further attacks, such as pass-the-hash attacks, or for cracking the hash. Here's a breakdown of the options:
Option A: Responder
Responder is primarily used for poisoning LLMNR, NBT-NS, and MDNS to capture hashes, but not for leveraging NTLM hashes obtained post-exploitation.
Option B: Hydra
Hydra is a password-cracking tool but not specifically designed for NTLM hashes or pass-the-hash attacks.
Option C: BloodHound
BloodHound is used for mapping out Active Directory relationships and identifying potential attack paths but not for using NTLM hashes directly.
Option D: CrackMapExec
CrackMapExec is a versatile tool that can perform pass-the-hash attacks, execute commands, and more using NTLM hashes. It is designed for post-exploitation scenarios involving NTLM hashes.
Reference from Pentest:
Forge HTB: Demonstrates the use of CrackMapExec for leveraging NTLM hashes to gain further access within a network.
Horizontall HTB: Shows how CrackMapExec can be used for various post-exploitation activities, including using NTLM hashes to authenticate and execute commands.
Conclusion:
Option D, CrackMapExec, is the most suitable tool for continuing the attack using an NTLM hash. It supports pass-the-hash techniques and other operations that can leverage NTLM hashes effectively.
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Which of the following could be used to enhance the quality and reliability of a vulnerability scan report?
A peer review ensures the accuracy, completeness, and objectivity of a penetration test report.
Option A (Risk analysis) : Helps prioritize vulnerabilities but does not validate report accuracy.
Option B (Peer review) : Correct.
Ensures report accuracy and consistency.
Identifies misinterpretations or missing details.
Option C (Root cause analysis) : Helps in remediation but does not verify report quality.
Option D (Client acceptance) : A client review is final verification, but peer review happens earlier to ensure accuracy.
Reference: CompTIA PenTest+ PT0-003 Official Guide -- Reporting & Quality Assurance
