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A penetration tester is attempting to perform reconnaissance on a customer's external-facing footprint and reviews a summary of the fingerprinting scans:
SSH servers: 23
NTP servers: 4
Rsync servers: 5
LDAP servers: 2
Which of the following OSs is the organization most likely using?
The presence of specific services like SSH, NTP, Rsync, and LDAP servers is indicative of a Unix-like operating system. Among the given options, FreeBSD is the most likely operating system that would be running all these services. FreeBSD is known for its robustness and extensive use in environments requiring stable and secure networking services.
Given the context of penetration testing and the enumeration of these services, FreeBSD's configuration and service management fit well with the identified services. Other operating systems listed (Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux) might not typically run all these services in a similar configuration, particularly NTP and Rsync, which are more common in Unix-like systems.
FreeBSD documentation on NTP and Rsync: FreeBSD Handbook, FreeBSD Rsync
Enumeration examples from HTB writeups such as Gobox and Writeup which often lead to identifying specific OS based on running services.
A company provided the following network scope for a penetration test:
169.137.1.0/24
221.10.1.0/24
149.14.1.0/24
A penetration tester discovered a remote command injection on IP address 149.14.1.24 and exploited the system. Later, the tester learned that this particular IP address belongs to a third party. Which of the following stakeholders is responsible for this mistake?
The company that requested the penetration test is responsible for providing the correct and accurate network scope for the test. The network scope defines the boundaries and limitations of the test, such as which IP addresses, domains, systems, or networks are in scope or out of scope. If the company provided an incorrect network scope that included an IP address that belongs to a third party, then it is responsible for this mistake. The penetration testing company, the target host's owner, the penetration tester, and the subcontractor supporting the test are not responsible for this mistake, as they relied on the network scope provided by the company that requested the penetration test.
A penetration tester wants to validate the effectiveness of a DLP product by attempting exfiltration of data using email attachments. Which of the following techniques should the tester select to accomplish this task?
All other answers are a form of encryption or randomizing the data.
A penetration tester gains access to a system and establishes persistence, and then runs the following commands:
cat /dev/null > temp
touch --r .bash_history temp
mv temp .bash_history
Which of the following actions is the tester MOST likely performing?
The commands are used to clear the Bash history file of the current user, which records the commands entered in the terminal. The first command redirects /dev/null (a special file that discards any data written to it) to temp, which creates an empty file named temp. The second command changes the timestamp of temp to match that of .bash_history (the hidden file that stores the Bash history). The third command renames temp to .bash_history, which overwrites the original file with an empty one. This effectively erases any trace of the commands executed by the user.
A penetration tester gains access to a web server and notices a large number of devices in the system ARP table. Upon scanning the web server, the tester determines that many of the devices are user ...ch of the following should be included in the recommendations for remediation?
The penetration tester should recommend implementing endpoint protection on the workstations, which is a security measure that involves installing software or hardware on devices that connect to a network to protect them from threats such as malware, ransomware, phishing, or unauthorized access. Endpoint protection can include antivirus software, firewalls, encryption tools, VPNs, or device management systems. Endpoint protection can help prevent user workstations from being compromised by attackers who have gained access to the web server or other devices on the network. The other options are not valid recommendations for remediation based on the discovery that many of the devices are user workstations. Changing passwords that were created before this code update is not relevant to this issue, as it refers to a different scenario involving password hashing and salting. Keeping hashes created by both methods for compatibility is not relevant to this issue, as it refers to a different scenario involving password hashing and salting. Moving the web server in a screened subnet is not relevant to this issue, as it refers to a different scenario involving network segmentation and isolation.
